tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31221559774318664462024-03-19T20:27:19.861-07:00Kiev, the Ukraine, UNM Geography 102 Spring 2013Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00945294013946301250noreply@blogger.comBlogger3125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122155977431866446.post-68194584311291817292013-04-20T21:53:00.000-07:002013-04-22T10:12:35.393-07:00Development in Ukraine<br />
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Ukraine</b></span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>
development</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The economy of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place> is an emerging free
market In 2008, <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
economy was ranked 45th in the world according to 2008 GDP (nominal) with the
total nominal GDP of 188 billion USD, and nominal per capita GDP of 3,900 USD The <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region>’s
GDP fell sharply for the first 10 years of its independence from the <st1:place w:st="on">Soviet Union</st1:place> and then experienced rapid growth from 2000
until 2008 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The country's economy experienced a deep recession
during the 1990s, including hyperinflation and a drastic fall in economic
output In 1999, at the lowest point of
the economic crisis, Ukraine's per capita GDP was about half of the per capita
GDP it achieved before independence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Agriculture:</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine a major global producer of grain and sugar,
and future global player on meat and dairy markets It is the world's largest producer of
sunflower oil, and is also one of the largest producers of nuts. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place> also produces more natural
honey than any other European country. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Since <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region> possesses 30% of the world's
richest black soil, its agricultural industry has a huge potential. However, farmland remains the only major asset
in Ukraine that is not privatized, hampering access to international
investments and the best farming technologies The agricultural industry in Ukraine is
already one of the worlds larges production areas, however according to
analysts its outputs could still rise up to fourfold <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Mining:</b></div>
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is
rich in mineral deposits, including iron ore, manganese ore, mercury, titanium,
and nickel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is one
of the world's most important mineral producing countries, in terms of both the
range and size of its reserves There are
nearly 8,000 separate deposits, harboring some 90 different minerals, of which
about 20 are economically significant About
half of all the known deposits are under exploitation <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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Coal reserves in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region> amount to 47.1 billion tons.
The annual domestic demand for coal as
fuel is about 100 million tons, of which 85 percent can be satisfied by
domestic production. <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region> has oil
and gas fields that meet 10 percent of her oil and 20 percent of her gas
consumption, respectively. Ukraine contains natural gas reserves of 39..6
trillion cubic feet, but only about 20 percent of the country's demand is met
by domestic production Deposits of iron ore (estimated at 28 billion
tons), manganese ore (3 billion tons), chalk and limestone (1 5 billion tons)
are also extensive in Ukraine </div>
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<a href="http://aggregatecrushingplant.net/webimgs/image46.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://aggregatecrushingplant.net/webimgs/image46.jpg" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.metallurgy-ukraine.com/cache/pica/0/5/7/269111169626331/Grafik1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.metallurgy-ukraine.com/cache/pica/0/5/7/269111169626331/Grafik1.jpg" width="209" /></a><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> has a
major iron mining and smelting industry, which produces, cast iron, steel,
structural shapes, and pipe and supplies for the oil and gas industry. As of
2010, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place>
was the world's eighth largest steel producer.
Manufactured goods include metallurgical
equipment, diesel locomotives, tractors, and automobiles The country possesses a massive high-tech
industrial base, including much of the former USSR's electronics, arms industry,
and space program However, these fields
are state-owned and economically underdeveloped
at this time.</span></div>
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<a href="http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/commonwealth/dfnsindust-ukraine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="307" src="http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/commonwealth/dfnsindust-ukraine.jpg" width="320" /></a><st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is
also among the top 10 arms exporters in the world. The signing of recent large contracts may put
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region> into 6th place among
biggest arms traders, after the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>,
<st1:country-region w:st="on">Russian Federation</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">France</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Germany</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Israel</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
The output of Ukrainian defense plants grew 58% in 2009, with largest growth
reported by aircraft builders (77%) and ship builders (71%) [23]<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Oil & Fuel industry</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">
imports 90% of its oil and most of its natural gas. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region>
ranks as <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region>'s principal
supplier of oil, and Russian firms now own and/or operate the majority of <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s
refining capacity. Natural gas imports
come from <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region> - which
delivers its own gas, as well as the gas from <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Turkmenistan</st1:place></st1:country-region>. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region>
also transports Russian gas to the EU through its well-developed gas pipelines
system, which is a vitally important inter-connection system for all of <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> is
independent in its electricity supply, and exports power to <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russia</st1:country-region> and other countries of <st1:place w:st="on">Eastern
Europe</st1:place>. This is achieved
through a wide use of nuclear power and hydroelectricity. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place> is a partner country of the
EU INOGATE energy program which has four key topics: enhancing energy security,
coordination of member state energy markets and distribution grids, supporting
sustainable energy development, and attracting investment for energy projects
of common and regional interest <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Communications & Information technology</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> has a
long standing reputation as a major technology region, with a well-developed
scientific and educational base. In
March 2013 <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region> ranks
fourth in the world in number of certified IT professionals after the <st1:country-region w:st="on">United States</st1:country-region>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">India</st1:country-region>
and <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Russia</st1:place></st1:country-region>. In
2011 the IT labor market experienced 20% growth, and the number of IT
specialists working in the industry reached 25,000 people. The volume of the
Ukrainian IT market in 2013 was estimated to be up to 3 6 billion US dollars/</span></div>
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<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on"><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> ranks
eighth among the world’s nations in terms of the Internet speed with the
average download speed of 1.2 Mbps. Five
national providers of fixed (DSL, ADSL, XDSL) internet access — Ukrtelecom,
Vega Telecom, Datagroup, Ukrnet, Volia, and 5 national operators of mobile
internet — MTS, Kyivstar, PEOPLEnet, Utel, and Intertelecom are currently
operating in Ukraine. Every regional
center and large district center has a number of local providers and home
networks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Almost 20 million Ukrainians had Internet access in
December 2012. In Kyiv 90% of population
had internet access. The number of
Internet users in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>
was expected to nearly double by 2015 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The mobile-cellular telephone system's expansion
has slowed, largely due to saturation of the market which has reached 125
mobile phones per 100 people.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><b>Financing, banking, and Investments</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The EU is <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>'s largest trading partner,
with 27 1% of exports and 33 7% of imports in 2008; and trade with EU has seen
strong double-digit growth in recent years. The <st1:country-region w:st="on">Russian
Federation</st1:country-region> is <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place>'s second largest trading
partner, with 21 1% of exports and 28% of imports in 2009. Overproduction in the world steel market,
especially from <st1:country-region w:st="on">China</st1:country-region>, threatens
prospects for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place>'s
principal exports of non-agricultural goods such as ferrous metals and other
steel products. Although exports of
machinery and machine tools are on the rise, it is not clear if the rate of
increase is large enough to make up for probable declines in steel exports,
which today account for 46% of the country's overall exports .<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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In 1992, <st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place> became a member of the IMF and the World Bank. It is a member of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and in 2008 the country joined World Trade Organization. The IMF approved a $2.2 billion Extended Fund Facility (EFF) with <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region> in September 1998. In July 1999, the 3-year program was increased to $2 6 billion. <st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region>'s failure to meet monetary targets and/or structural reform commitments caused the EFF to either be suspended or disbursements delayed on several occasions. The last EFF disbursement was made in September 2001<br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">A political crisis in the middle of 2006 was feared as a threat to economic and investment stability, however, despite the forecasts, the political situation has not scared investors. The GDP showed a good growth rate of 7% in 2007, compared to the previous year. Industrial output has increased and car sales soared, while the banking sector has expanded, thanks to the arrival of several major European banks.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ukraine encourages foreign trade and investment The Parliament of Ukraine has approved a foreign investment law allowing Westerners to purchase businesses and property, to repatriate revenue and profits, and to receive compensation if the property is nationalized by a future government However, complex laws and regulations, poor corporate governance, weak enforcement of contract law by courts, and corruption all continue to stymie direct large-scale foreign investment in Ukraine. While there is a functioning stock market, the lack of protection for shareholders' rights severely restricts portfolio investment activities</span></div>
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State enterprise InvestUkraine was created under
the State Agency for Investment and National Projects to serve as a One Stop
Shop for investors and to deliver investment consulting services. <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:country-region></st1:place> signed a shale gas
exploitation deal with Royal Dutch Shell on 25 January 2013. The $10 billion deal was the largest foreign
direct investment ever for <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Ukraine</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00945294013946301250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122155977431866446.post-84034408037191186032013-02-09T14:21:00.000-08:002013-02-10T07:46:39.115-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIaZ7lUzG9hBv5cGInVBna1Mvz0MmO_i6B_mUuL8Aoj3tXYS-p937oPzHSkBGh81uQGfJ62o6BDpw6lq_ZRT4NTJ3wEZaNGyDWvfIxUAXP-SdL-DFpSLoxvcOSTnBfti56WTx2rMhKF08o/s1600/images+(11).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIaZ7lUzG9hBv5cGInVBna1Mvz0MmO_i6B_mUuL8Aoj3tXYS-p937oPzHSkBGh81uQGfJ62o6BDpw6lq_ZRT4NTJ3wEZaNGyDWvfIxUAXP-SdL-DFpSLoxvcOSTnBfti56WTx2rMhKF08o/s400/images+(11).jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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This blog is being created as an assignment for my Geography 102 class at the University of New Mexico, located in Albuquerque, New Mexico.<br />
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The Place I have chosen is Kiev <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>in the Ukraine.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>My brother’s girlfriend Yulia is from this area and I always have wondered what it is like.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Additionally, one of my favorite musical pieces is the “Great Gate at Kiev” by Mussorgsky, and I always wondered about why the Piece was composed.</div>
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The area looks to be very densely populated, but that is to be expected since it is A very old city, first founded as a trading center on the Dnieper River around 500 CE<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>The city is the Capital of the Ukraine and has been the capital for several other cultures and empires, including the Kievan <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Rus who were Viking Traders from Scandinavia.</div>
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The first thing I notice about the area when looking at the satellite image was how green it is and how much it looks like Northern Wisconsin, an area I am familiar with.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Both areas are located in the<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Cold Mid latitude Humid Continental climate type, and they look very much alike, both from the satellite photos, and from ground level photos.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>From a high altitude view, the area is obviously covered with large areas of forest, along with the familiar pattern of farmer’s fields.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>The area is dominated by the Dnieper River, one of the major rivers of Eastern Europe.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Looking at some of the Panorimo photos along the river reminds me very much of the northern Mississippi river between Wisconsin and Minnesota.</div>
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The most striking examples of human modification on the area would be the Kiev Hydroelectric <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>dam built North of the old city by the Soviets in <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>1960 to create the Kyivske Reservoir.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>Additionally, in this same area are large “urban development” areas that are strangely regular.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>On closer look they are very large areas of high density apartment units.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>My friend Yulia says that they were built by the Soviets after World War II, and that they are still occupied since the people in the area have no other options.<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span>In looking at the Panorimo pictures, one can see that while the areas are beautifully landscaped, the buildings appear to be all the same.<br />
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However, in looking at photos from other sources, one can many photographs of the Old City, and can see that it was a cultured and prosperous area for many centuries.</div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00945294013946301250noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3122155977431866446.post-21182156217232921812013-02-09T13:13:00.002-08:002013-02-09T13:13:33.497-08:00Population:<br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt;">The author of our class textbook, Dr. Paul Rubenstein said in the book that</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt;"> </span><i style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times; line-height: 13.5pt;">“Several Eastern European countries, most notably Russia, have negative NIRs [Natural Increase Rate]….Eastern Europe’s relatively high death rates and low birth rates are a legacy of a half-century of Communist Rule.”</i><span style="color: black; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt;"> Since I have chosen the City of Kiev in the Ukraine as my area of interest, this struck me as an interesting phenomenon since Malthus and many other scholars predict that the world’s population will always increase at a geometric rate. Obviously this is not true in Russia, Ukraine, and some of the other republics of the former Soviet Union. </span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">The </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ukraine</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> and the other republics are obviously in Stage 4 population growth model..</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">As can be seen in the nearby graph, not only have they achieved Zero Population Growth, they are actually experiencing negative population growth.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Dr. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rubenstein states that this is due to, </span><i style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 13.5pt;">“[h]igher death rates, which may be a result of inadequate pollution controls… [and] [l]ower birth rates may stem from very strong family-planning programs and deep seated pessimism about having children in an uncertain world</i><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> " </span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; color: black; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Looking into the issue further, the higher death rates in the former Soviet republics can also be linked to poor diets and deteriorating medical care in many of these areas, and also to personal choice factors such as wide spread smoking and alcoholism.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ukraine</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> also has had one of the lowest birth rates of any MDC over the last ten years.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Their birth rate reached a catastrophic level of 1.1 in the late 1990s and early 2000s.</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">This is far below the accepted natural replacement rate of 2.2-2.4 [Source:</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">The Ukrainian Week, (International Editions) March 14, 2012; </span><a href="http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/43071" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(75, 90, 121); border-width: 0px; color: #4b5a79; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">http://ukrainianweek.com/Society/43071</a><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">] Infant mortality has been a problem also, with two of the biggest problems for Ukrainian children being poverty and poor health care.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The lower birth rates and increased infant mortality during the two decades after the break up of the Soviet Union in 1991 can be easily seen by comparing the Ukrainian population structure graphs below for the years 1985 and 2012. The 1985 structure (six years before the Soviet breakup) shows a fairly normal “pyramid” shape that would be typical of MDCs. However the 2012 graph shows a marked decrease in the under 20 year old population, and the structure is transitioning to a diamond shape, with the largest percentage of the population in the 30 to 60 age groups.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> However, the rate of population decline has recently slowed, with average life expectancy increasing and infant mortality decreasing from 10.4 to 8.9 per 1000 [op.cit. Wikipedia] Additionally, according to The Ukrainian Week, <i>“</i><i>The generation shift and partial adjustment of the population to the new socio-economic environment in the early 2000s brought the first signs of improvement of the demographic scene, further supported by targeted steps of the new government that came to power after the Orange Revolution. These included financial aid to mothers, specifically increased child birth benefits. Over 2001-2009, the number of births rose by 36%, the birth rate per one woman grew by 34%. </i>“[Op.Cit. Ukrainian Week]</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGfmkPFltNay7Gq5w7wDETtiuVP264nEj3TJY68ntUxEjrHOi1X7rxY9bv84qdZNvGqofEE9fk1s7w5b1jUBe-am2sRrlBnUBTZuDgNqTOr9l2d-FozvF4Z2OLugzbvebKhXzIsuQMJLnT/s1600/2012_Ukraine_Population_Pyramid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGfmkPFltNay7Gq5w7wDETtiuVP264nEj3TJY68ntUxEjrHOi1X7rxY9bv84qdZNvGqofEE9fk1s7w5b1jUBe-am2sRrlBnUBTZuDgNqTOr9l2d-FozvF4Z2OLugzbvebKhXzIsuQMJLnT/s320/2012_Ukraine_Population_Pyramid.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">This information would tend to indicate the Dr. Rubenstein’s prediction that, “</span><i style="font-family: 'times new roman', times;">Eastern Europeans may display birth and death rates more comparable to those in Western Europe”</i><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">, is actually occuring with the improved political stability and economic progress that the </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ukraine</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"> has seen since 2008.</span></div>
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